Raw materials are crucial to modern economies.
In the context of Europe, ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of raw materials is vital for economic growth, innovation, and environmental stewardship.
This presentation delves into the intricate world of European raw materials policy and strategy.
The following key areas will be explored:
•Introduction to Raw...
In 1987, the United Nations defined “sustainability” as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs.”
Addressing current challenges while protecting and improving tomorrow is a delicate balancing act, requiring credibility and experience, substantive resources,and humility. We are stewards responsible to generations before...
Greenland Resources Inc. is a Canadian mining company that owns 100% the Malmbjerg molybdenum project, a world class Climax-type pure molybdenum mineral deposit near tidewater in East-Central Greenland. The Malmbjerg project is supported by a recent NI 43-101 feasibility study. Accordingly, it is a world-class primary molybdenum deposit featuring a Climax-type ore of high MoS2 concentration...
MOLYMET BELGIUM, a major player in the metals industry and a subsidiary of the Chilean MOLYMET Group, is focused on integrating sustainability into its operations.
This abstract explores the company's multi-faceted approach to address environmental issues, improving workplace safety, promoting green energy, engaging with stakeholders and establishing positive, durable relationships with...
Samuel Hayes will present CRU’s view on the molybdenum market and our outlook for the commodity. In this presentation we will examinethe current state and size of the market, recent and current regional trends in mine production and demand. We will then discuss our expectations for the medium-term forecast for supply, demand and benchmark prices out to 2029, and highlight the risks to our outlook.
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The transition to fossil free steel production at SSAB marks a transformative step towards sustainability in the global steel industry. This presentation outlines the background and motivation behind SSAB's transition, focusing on the need to reduce carbon emissions and align with climate goals. Key technical changes are discussed, including the implementation of the HYBRIT (Hydrogen...
At Outokumpu, we are committed to mitigating climate change. In 2021, Outokumpu committed to the Science Based Targets Business ambition of keeping global warming at 1.5°C and continues to work towards carbon neutrality by 2050.
Our vision is to be the leader in sustainable procurement by embedding circularity and responsible sourcing of materials, products, and services in the core of all...
In 1891, the French company Schneider & Co. used molybdenum for the first time as an alloying element in armor plate steel and until the end of WW2 most of the molybdenum alloyed steels were indeed related to military applications. Yet surprisingly, Moly was the first time applied to increase the strength of automotive steel for the Wills Saint Claire that appeared in 1921. The recognition of...
This paper provides on overview of the fundamentals of molybdenum alloying on microstructure evolution in low-carbon steels. In particular, austenite grain growth and austenite decomposition will be analyzed in state-of-the-art line pipe and automotive steel grades that benefit from Mo alloying. Both experimental data as well as atomistically informed microstructure simulations will be...
Molybdenum is a well-known alloying element in steels, which in combination with other microalloying elements, is usually added to achieve high strength and high toughness property combinations. The effect of Mo retarding austenite recrystallization, both dynamically and statically, due to its strong solute drag effect, is the main mechanism acting during hot rolling. This contribution delves...
In recent years, hydrogen appears to be a promising alternative to fossil fuels, therefore evolvement of materials for hydrogen transportation and storage facilities is of immense importance. However, exposure of high-strength steels to hydrogen can have a detrimental influence on their performance due to elevated susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). In previous studies, the effect...
In addition to wear resistance, an optimum balance of strength, toughness and formability is the ultimate goal for wear resistant steels. The microstructure of wear resistant steels are typically martensitic which can create high strength and hardness, but at the expense of toughness and formability. The key is to achieve the proper microstructures for high strength and high hardness, but also...
The details of the temper embrittlement mechanism in steels caused by impurities are unknown. Especially from an atomistic point of view, there are still open questions regarding their interactions with alloying elements such as Ni, Cr, and Mo. Therefore, we used density functional theory to investigate the segregation and co-segregation behavior and the resulting influence on the cohesion of...
The role of Mo in steels as an alloying element is manifold and often key to obtain excellent mechanical properties in the final product. In many cases, ab initio calculations on the atomic level can give valuable insights into the mechanisms at work, which then provides direct guidelines for alloy design and optimization.
Molybdenum is present in steels in solid solution and in various...
In this work we studied series of stainless steels with varying Cr, Ni, Mn and Mo contents, to systematically break down the contribution of individual elements to the passivity of the alloys, and to understand repassivation mechanism after a damage occurs. To access the single element contribution on the stability of the alloys, ICP-MS is employed, a technique that is capable to elementally...
Tool steels are the alloys used to manufacture tools, dies, and molds that shape, form, and cut other materials such as steels, nonferrous metals, and plastics at either ordinary or elevated temperatures. They are either carbon, alloy or high-speed steels, capable of being hardened and tempered.
The high carbon and alloy contents of tool steels are used to produce very high strength and...
Molybdenum is an essential alloying element in special and stainless steels as it for instance improves the corrosion resistance of stainless steels and increases the wear resistance of tool steels. Yet, molybdenum has also been established as the preferred alloying element in engineering steels, since it generally increases the hardenability as well as the toughness and tempering resistance....
For economic and environmental reasons, quenched as well as quenched and tempered steel plates are nowadays produced using direct quenching (DQ) if feasible, as one process step can be omitted compared to conventional quenching. However, the DQ process has significantly higher demands on process control. This requires precise matching of the alloy concept with the process parameters....
The investigation into the effect of molybdenum content on rolling parameters and microstructure in API 5L-X80 steel plates, produced via Thermo-Mechanical Control Process (TMCP) combined with accelerated cooling, constitutes a pivotal inquiry in steel metallurgy. Molybdenum, recognized for its potential in augmenting steel's strength and corrosion resistance, serves as the focal point in this...
Thermomechanical processing of flat rolled steel products manufactured by the compact strip process is limited by numerous physical constraints. Alloy and process designs are limited by the necessary avoidance of peritectic chemistry, relatively low equalizing furnace temperatures relative to traditional integrated mill methodologies, generally high baseline nitrogen levels, and the...
High-strength structural steels offer several attractive advantages over mild steel, such as a higher strength-to-weight ratio and a reduced carbon footprint. Molybdenum plays an important role in achieving this goal, as it markedly improves the hardenability of steel. Heat treatment during production aims to find a balance between the desired strength and toughness for a given steel...
The production and use of conventional, cold-rolled, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels is well established in different markets. HSLA steels are characterized by a low-carbon alloying concept and therefore have excellent weldability. Different strength classes and good local formability enable a wide range of applications.
The global automotive steel specification VDA239-100 currently...
Molybdenum is an attractive alloy element also in sintered steels. For optimum compactibility, admixing Mo as elemental powder would be desirable; however, homogenization during sintering requires high temperatures, which results in cost penalties. In the present study it is shown that the sintering temperatures required for Mo distribution can be significantly lowered if low-melting...
Sinter hardening is an economically attractive and environmentally friendly way to improve strength and hardness of sintered steels. Because of the lower cooling rates compared to e.g. oil quenching, steel grades with improved hardenability are required. Here it is shown that sinter hardening behaviour can be attained at moderate alloy element contents when base powders prealloyed with low...
Diluted molybdenum presents two facets for friction reduction:
-as molybdenum compounds in oils and greases and
-as alloying element in tribo-materials.
Treat rates effective for friction reductions by alloying or blending molybdenum range for both cases between 0.3-0.6 wt.-% and reduce friction between 30% to 50% under the regime of mixed/boundary lubrication as well as illuminate an...
More durable materials are constantly required to increase the efficiency and lifespan of different applications with main focus being on the reduction of emissions. Steels are the most used engineering materials due to the excellent combination of mechanical properties, usability, and low cost. In addition, there are many applications where steels are the only viable material choice, such as...
Nowadays, carbon capture, transport, and underground storage (CCUS) rises like one of the technologies for mitigating climate change and meeting one of the most challenging targets of the Paris agreement: 14% of the total CO2 emissions reductions by 2060 must come from CCUS. Moreover, in the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario, it is called a CO2 storage capacity objective of 1200 Mt of CO2 per...
Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) steels have seen substantial development and implementation in a variety of product groups. The microstructure of these steels consists of a martensitic matrix with film like retained austenite and is obtained by quenching from the austenitic phase field or from the intercritical region to a temperature intermediate between the martensite start and finish...
In the half-century since the high-molybdenum concept first provided a quantum leap in SSC resistance, low-alloy steels with 0.75% Mo (and 0.035% Nb) have become firmly established worldwide as the premier tubular product for assuring reliable service in deep sour oil/gas wells. In arriving at this alloy chemistry, molybdenum concentrations up to 2.5% were examined and SSC test results are...
Wastewater originating from industrial production and human life is usually polluted by refractory organic molecules, heavy metal ions, and bacteria that are difficult to be removed by ordinary wastewater treatment plants. Efficient methods for removing these pollutants rely on advanced oxidation processes. The acting reactive oxygen species (ROS) need to be added or are in-situ generated by...
The addition of molybdenum as an alloying element is critical for optimizing the performance of special steels in various demanding applications, including tooling, plastic molding, armor, abrasion resistance, pressure vessels and offshore industries. Molybdenum is commonly added to special steels to improve their strength, hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. In this presentation, we...
The processing and refining of minerals need molybdenum alloyed stainless steels. In hydrometallurgical processes of primary or secondary resources of e.g.,lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese involves typically highly corrosive conditions due to the use of reagents such as sulphuric acid, chlorides, and in some cases high temperatures and pressures, so the optimum selection of...
The article deals with the recycling of materials containing molybdenum and is intended to illustrate how the product cycle can be closed.
According to the 2023 study ‘The Global Life Cycle of Stainless Steels’ , 95% of all EOL products made of alloyed steels are collected and made available to steelworks and foundries.
Another study, the ‘Scrap bonus’ study by the Fraunhofer IMWS from 2018...
